BBN3402SATU2020: MINGGU5 JADUAL CLEAN 

 

Macro Structure Global meaning from a single understandable text from a text topic/theme

Superstructure A frame of one text such as the introduction,  content, ending and conclusion

Micro Structure  Local meaning of an understandable text From the choice of words, formats and styles used by a text

 Figure 1: The Theory of Analysis of Critical Discourse by vanDijk (1977)

 

 

 

Critical Discourse Analysis Theory (Fairclough, 1995)
Textual Analysis	Practical Discourse analysis	Social Practical Analysis
Grammar ·        Theme	Intertextuality ·        Pre-presumption ·        Meta discourse ·        Disclaimer	Economic Education Political
Lexical •   Metaphor
Cohesion •   Repetition •   Conjunction	Inter discussion •   Narrative •   Language •   Expository •   Expression (expressive)

 Figure 2: The Theory of Analysis of Critical Discourse by Fairclough (1995)

 

 

 

 

DECENCY STRATEGY
Bald on-record	Positive Decency
Example: Ready! Listen here.... Give me that big basket. The light is green.  Come in  Enjoy your food	Example: You seems weak. Can I  help you? Can I borrow hundred dollars? I follow you to the hospital, if you do not  mind.
Negative Decency	Off-record
Maybe he's the one who took that box, maybe! Please give me that white plate. If so, a little instruction is not required? Throwing  empty bottles everywhere is not allowed.	Yeah, the cooler in this room. Shoes price is expensive.  Your shirt is beautiful

 

                                          

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 3: Decency strategy by Brown & Levinson (1987)

 

 

Normaliza Abd Rahim Discourse Analysis Approach (2018b)
PRE-PRESUMPTION 1. Intuition 2. Context ·         Reception/ • Disclaimer ·         Requirements ·         Referrals ·         Anaphors ·         Repetition ·         Blur ·         Affirmation	EMOTIONAL 1. Positive 2. Negative 3.  Mixed emotions ·          Attitude ·         Personality ·         Mood ·          Motivation	VALUES AND CULTURE 1. Self 2. Community 3. Normality ·         Honest, sincere, kind, hardworking, gratitude, modesty ·         Independent, dedicated, courage, physical and mental hygiene, politeness ·         Respect, cooperation, community spirit ·         Justice, freedom, rational	LANGUAGE 1.  First/   secondary/            tertiary      language 2. Formal/     not formal 3. Language     errors 4. Linguistic	INFERENS 1. Overall summary 2. Topic summary     discussion 3. Ending

 Figure 4: Normaliza Abd Rahim Discourse Analysis Approach (2018b)

Discourse Analysis Theory (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018d)
Content 1. Theme	Context 1. Grammar 2. Background 3.  Emotion	Assumptions 1. Opinion 2.  References 3. Problems

Figure 5: Theory of Discourse Analysis

 

Table 2: Context in Social Values of Storytelling Model Through Children's Stories

Title	Grammar	Background	Emotional
Families	The usage of simple and suitable words and sentences for all including special children	Mother’s and father’s home	Happy, miss
Self	The usage of simple and suitable words and sentences for all including special children	In and out of home, school	Happy
My Special	The usage of simple and suitable words and sentences for all including special children	Mother’s and father’s home
I Know	The usage of simple and suitable words and sentences for all including special children	In or outside the house	Unhappy, sadly, sympathy
I Understand	The usage of simple and suitable words and sentences for all including special children	Home, school or in public places	Happy, sympathy, caring

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 3: Content in Social Stories

 

Title	Text	Theme	Sample/ Material	Type
Grandparents	Short Story	Family	Grandparents, mother, father, Imran, Medina, Aisyah, Alim	Narration
I Am Special	Short Story	Family	Grandparents , mother, father, Imran, Medina, Aisyah, Alim	Narration
Family	Short Story	Family	Mother, father, Imran, Medina, Aisyah, Alim	Narration
Heart	Short Story	Community	Mother, teacher, Alim, friends	Narration
Neighbor	Short Story	Neighborhood	Mother, Medina, Imran, Aisyah, Sulaiman, Alim	Narration

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 4: Context In Social Stories

Title	Grammar	Backgrounds	Emotions
Grandparents	Easy and appropriate use of words and sentences for all inclusive of special children	Grandparent’s house	Happy, missed, sad, angry, confused, satisfied
I Am Special	Easy and appropriate use of words and sentences for all inclusive of special children	Parents' house	Happy, satisfied, sad
Family	Easy and appropriate use of words and sentences for all inclusive of special children	Parents' house	Happy, worry
Heart	Easy and appropriate use of words and sentences for all inclusive of special children	School, house, neighbor	Happy
Neighbor	Easy and appropriate use of words and sentences for all inclusive of special children	Parents' house and neighbors	Happy, sympathy, care, sad

 

 

Table 5: List of Social Values in Social Stories

Judul Cerita Sosial		Nilai Sosial
Nenek dan Datuk	Love, care, rationality, responsibility, sincere, honest, kindness, family, patience
Grandparents	Kindness, sincere, help, take care, responsibility
I Am Special	Kindness, patience, help, sincere, caring, hardworking, effort, responsibility, rational
Family	Kindness, love, caring, sincerely, honestly, share, thankful, respectful, hardworking
Heart	Kindness, love, caring, honestly, sincere , share, thankful, respectful, hardworking
Neighbor	Kindness, responsibility, love, rational, care, sincere, honest, confident, neighborhood

 

 

Taxonomy of Communications Strategy by Dornyei & Scott (1997)

Evasion Or Reduction Strategy

1. Omission/omission of message 2. Evocate topics

Achievement or Compensatory Strategies   3. Paraphrasing (circumlocution 4.  Apprehension 5.  Use of all-purpose words 6.  Create new words (world-coinage) 7.  Restructuring/use of non-linguistic means 8.  Literal translation 9.   Internationalization 10. Change of code

11.  Request help, explanation, confirmation or make guesses             Appeal for help Stalling Stalling or Time-gaining Strategies Delay or Additional Time Strategy 12. Use of words without meaning/use of fillers/ marker strategy/ (hesitation devices)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 7: Communication Strategy Taxonomy by Dornyei & Scott (1997)

Table 6: Communication Strategy

Communication Strategy	Frequency
1.        Abbreviation	15
2.         New words which no meaning	4
3.         Disclaimer/Conflict	10
4.         Question	6
5.         Repetition	8
6.         Persuasion	13
7.         Self-correction	5
8.         Different topics/message ignorance	4
9.         Interstitial	8
10.                Delay	6
11.                Literal translation	4
12.                Language changes	4
13.                Imagination	5
14.                 Modesty	4
15.                 Paraphrasing	4
16.                 Ask for help	4

 

 

 Rujukan: Normaliza Abd Rahim. (2019). Kajian Wacana dan Strategi Komunikasi Teori dan Aplikasi. Terengganu: Penerbit UMT.

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